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Repeaters are powered by a constant direct current passed down the conductor near the centre of the cable, so all repeaters in a cable are in series. The voltage passed down the cable is often anywhere from 3000 to 15,000VDC at a current of up to 1,100mA, with the current increasing with decreasing voltage; the current at 10,000VDC is up to 1,650mA. Hence the total amount of power sent into the cable is often up to 16.5 kW. These included laboratories in the ships for splicing cable and testing its electrical properties. This capability is important because fiber-optic cable must be laid straight from the stern, which was another factor that copper-cable-laying ships did not have to contend with. The ships are equipped with thrusters that increase maneuverability. Traditional winch lines are made of wire cable. One reason for this development was that the capacity of cable systems had become so large that it was not possible to completely back up a cable system with satellite capacity, so it became necessary to provide sufficient terrestrial backup capability.

With the development of submarine branching units (SBUs), more than one destination could be served by a single cable system. A further redundant-path development over and above the self-healing rings approach is the mesh network whereby fast switching equipment is used to transfer services between network paths with little to no effect on higher-level protocols if a path becomes inoperable. As more paths become available to use between two points, it is less likely that one or two simultaneous failures will prevent end-to-end service. It invested $100 million in producing two specialized fiber-optic cable laying vessels. TAT-8 had two operational pairs and one backup pair. Typically both ends share the current generation with one end providing a positive voltage and the other a negative voltage. There are limitations to this comparison, but it serves as a very basic illustration of current and current flow. Conventional current flow: The conventional current flow is from positive to the negative terminal and indicates the direction that positive charges would flow. Controller inserted in the electric winch control box, the freedom of controlling the direction of rotation of electric winch drum.

The electric cable advantages include the following. The use of WDM can reduce the maximum length of the cable although this can be overcome by designing equipment with this in mind. The large chromatic dispersion of PCSF means that its use requires transmission and receiving equipment designed with this in mind; this property can also be used to reduce interference when transmitting multiple channels through a single fiber using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), which allows for multiple optical carrier channels to be transmitted through a single fiber, each carrying its own information. The open cable concept allows for the design of a submarine cable independently of the transponders that will be used to transmit data through the cable. WDM is limited by the optical bandwidth of the amplifiers used to transmit data through the cable and by the spacing between the frequencies of the optical carriers; however this minimum spacing is also limited, with the minimum spacing often being 50 GHz (0.4 nm). Raman amplification can be used to extend the reach or the capacity of an unrepeatered cable, by launching 2 frequencies into a single fiber; one carrying data signals at 1550 nm, and the other pumping them at 1450 nm.

Not all telecommunications organizations wish to take advantage of this capability, so modern cable systems may have dual landing points in some countries (where back-up capability is required) and only single landing points in other countries where back-up capability is either not required, the capacity to the country is small enough to be backed up by other means, or having backup is regarded as too expensive. Copper wires in a cable can be left bare or plated with a thin layer of another metal to prevent oxidation, most commonly tin but also gold or silver. Broadband internet access is achieved over coaxial cable by using cable modems to convert the network data into a type of digital signal that can be transferred over coaxial cable. This equipment is located inside a cable landing station (CLS). Test tools like the Fluke FEV150 EV Charging Station Analyzer and the Fluke FEV100 EVSE Test Adapter play a vital role in this process by allowing technicians to connect professional test equipment to EV charging stations. The ROADM is used to improve the reliability of the cable by allowing it to operate even if it has faults. The wet plant of a submarine cable comprises the cable itself, branching units, repeaters and possibly OADMs (Optical add-drop multiplexers).

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